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An analysis of the language we use in scientific practice is critical to developing more rigorous and sound methodologies. This article argues that how certain methods of description are commonly employed in cognitive science risks obscuring important features of an agent’s cognition. We propose to make explicit a method of description whereby the concept of cognitive distinctions is the core principle. A model of referential communication is developed and analyzed as a platform to compare methods of description. We demonstrate that cognitive distinctions, realized in a graph theoretic formalism, better describe the behavior and perspective of a simple model agent than other, less systematic or natural language–dependent methods. We then consider how different descriptions relate to one another in the broader methodological framework of minimally cognitive behavior. Finally, we explore the consequences of, and challenges for, cognitive distinctions as a useful concept and method in the tool kit of cognitive scientists.